Caracterización psicosocial del cuidador familiar del paciente con padecimientos oncológicos

Fundamento: dentro de las problemáticas que afrontan los cuidadores familiares de pacientes con padecimientos oncológicos está el hecho, que estos asumen el cuidado de sus familiares sin los conocimientos específicos, ni las habilidades requeridas para el ejercicio del cuidado, lo que genera una sobrecarga en ellos. Objetivo: identificar las principales características psicosociales del cuidador familiar del paciente con padecimientos oncológicos en la zona urbana de Niquero, durante el período de noviembre de 2019 a marzo del 2022. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el período comprendido de noviembre 2019 a marzo 2022 en el municipio Niquero en la provincia Granma. El universo de estudio quedó conformado por 305 cuidadores familiares de pacientes con padecimientos oncológicos, escogiéndose una muestra de 255 de ellos por medio de los criterios establecidos. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad, factores psicosociales presentes. Se realizó un muestreo intencional y probabilístico. Resultados: prevaleció el grupo de 50-59 años, el sexo femenino y como nivel de escolaridad, predominó el de secundaria básica, el miedo fue el estado emocional más referido por ellos. En los antecedentes sociales la situación económica desfavorable fue la que prevaleció, así como el nivel de afrontamiento familiar inadecuado ante el rol de cuidador. Conclusión: el miedo, la situación económica desfavorable y el nivel de afrontamiento inadecuado ante el rol de cuidador, fueron las principales características psicosociales que predominaron.

Background: among the problems faced by family caregivers of patients with oncological diseases is the fact that they take care of their relatives without the specific knowledge or skills required for the exercise of care, which generates an overload in them. Objective: to identify the main psychosocial characteristics of the family caregiver of the patient with oncological conditions in the urban area of ​​Niquero, during the period from November 2019 to March 2022. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out in the period from November 2019 to March 2022 in the Niquero municipality in the Granma province. The universe of study was made up of 305 family caregivers of patients with oncological conditions, choosing a sample of 255 of them by means of the established criteria. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, level of education, psychosocial factors present. An intentional and probabilistic sampling was carried out. Results: the age group prevailed in the family caregivers of cancer patients aged 50-59 years, the female sex and as level of education, the basic secondary predominated, fear was the emotional state most referred to by them. In the social background, the unfavorable economic situation was the one that prevailed, as well as the level of inadequate family coping with the role of caregiver. Conclusion: fear, the unfavorable economic situation and the inadequate level of coping with the role of caregiver, were the main psychosocial characteristics that prevailed.

Conhecimento e percepção dos enfermeiros e médicos sobre moralidade do aborto induzido e sua legislação / Knowledge and perception of nurses and physicians about morality of induced abortion and its legislation / Conocimiento y percepción de enfermeras y médicos sobre la moralidad del aborto inducido y su legislación

Objetivo: Relatar o conhecimento e a percepção dos profissionais enfermeiros e médicos sobre a moralidade do aborto induzido e sua legislação. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, envolvendo 39 Enfermeiros e Médicos de duas Maternidades do sul do Brasil. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado o "Mosaico de Opiniões Sobre o Aborto Induzido" e um questionário complementar. Para análise descritiva e associações foi utilizado o pacote estatístico Data Analysis and Statistical Software. Resultados: Constatou-se que os profissionais possuem adequado conhecimento a respeito da legislação, conhecimento insuficiente a respeito dos documentos necessários para o aborto legal e sobre o direito a objeção de consciência, sendo este último principalmente entre os enfermeiros. Os profissionais defendem outras possibilidades de aborto na legislação, e a respeito do Mosaico, predominam os padrões liberais em comparação aos conservadores. Conclusão: Se faz necessária a discussão sobre o tema, ampliando o conhecimento a respeito dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos das mulheres e sobre a conduta durante a assistência ao aborto. (AU)

Objective: Report the knowledge and perception of nurses and physicians about the morality of induced abortion and its legislation. Methods: Quantitative study, involving 39 nurses and physicians at two maternity hospitals in southern Brazil. For data collection the "Mosaic of Opinions on Induced Abortion" and a complementary questionnaire were used. For descriptive analysis and associations, the Data Analysis and Statistical Software statistical package was used. Results: It was found that the professionals have adequate knowledge about the legislation, insufficient knowledge about the documents necessary for legal abortion and about the right to conscientious objection, the latter occurred mainly among nurses. Professionals defend other possibilities of abortion in the legislation, and regarding the Mosaic, liberal standards prevail in comparison to conservatives. Conclusion: It is necessary to discuss the topic, expanding knowledge about women's sexual and reproductive rights and about conduct during abortion care. (AU)

Objetivo: Informar el conocimiento y percepción de enfermeras y médicos profesionales sobre la moralidad del aborto inducido y su legislación. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, que involucró a 39 enfermeras y médicos de dos maternidades del sur de Brasil. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó el "Mosaico de Opiniones sobre el Aborto Inducido" y un cuestionario complementario. Para el análisis descriptivo y las asociaciones se utilizó el paquete estadístico Data Analysis and Statistical Software. Resultados: Se constató que los profesionales tienen conocimiento adecuado sobre la legislación, conocimiento insuficiente sobre los documentos necesarios para el aborto legal y sobre el derecho a la objeción de conciencia, siendo este último principalmente entre enfermeras. Los profesionales defienden otras posibilidades de aborto en la legislación, y con respecto a Mosaic, los estándares liberales prevalecen en comparación con los conservadores. Conclusión: Es necesario discutir el tema, ampliando el conocimiento sobre los derechos sexuales y reproductivos de las mujeres y sobre la conducta durante la atención del aborto. (AU)

Traumatic dental injuries in children: experience during the Covid-19 pandemic and parents' knowledge about their management

Abstract The social isolation measures adopted during the critical phase of the COVID-19 pandemic led children to spend most of their time at home. Isolation may alter the pattern of traumatic dental injury occurrences, inasmuch as studies point out that most traumatic accidents occur at home. Considering this scenario and the influence of emergency management on the prognosis of the injury, the aim of this study was to evaluate the experience of traumatic dental injuries in children before and during the pandemic, and the knowledge of this topic by the children's guardians. This cross-sectional study was conducted with guardians of children aged 0 to 6 years, residing in Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. The guardians answered an online questionnaire addressing personal information, traumatic dental injury experience before and during the pandemic, and knowledge of this topic. Descriptive and statistical analyses were performed using Pearson's chi-square test at a 5% significance level. The total sample consisted of 343 volunteers. A total of 95 and 92 injuries were reported before and during the pandemic, respectively; the home was the place of greatest occurrence. Most volunteers (88.1%) agreed that traumatic dental injuries are emergency situations, and were aware that the tooth/fragment had to be taken to the dentist after a fracture or avulsion (97.4%). This study revealed that the traumatic dental injury experience was similar before and during the pandemic, and that the volunteers had satisfactory knowledge, especially in recognizing the importance of immediate attention for a more favorable prognosis of these injuries.

La esquizofrenia: una mirada desde la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad

RESUMEN La esquizofrenia es probablemente el trastorno más enigmático y trágico que tratan los psiquiatras, y quizás, el más devastador. Se manifiesta en la juventud, por lo que los pacientes esquizofrénicos normalmente viven muchos años después del inicio de la enfermedad y continúan padeciendo sus efectos sin poder llevar una vida completamente normal. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para la cual se emplearon los recursos disponibles en Infomed, específicamente en las bases de datos EBSCO, SCIELO y libros de textos de autores cubanos y extranjeros. Se aplicó el método analítico-sintético y se revisaron 18 artículos científicos. Se expusieron los elementos que abordan el desarrollo histórico- cultural de la esquizofrenia desde la perspectiva de la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad. Se realizó esta revisión con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento sobre el desarrollo histórico cultural de la esquizofrenia, teniendo en cuenta las teorías que ha desarrollado el hombre a través de la ciencia para explicar la aparición de la enfermedad y la importancia de los factores sociales en la aparición, evolución y rehabilitación de este padecimiento.

ABSTRACT Schizophrenia is probably the most enigmatic and tragic disorder that psychiatrists treat, and perhaps the most devastating. It manifests itself in youth, so schizophrenic patients usually live many years after the onset of the disease and continue to suffer from its effects without being able to lead a completely normal life. A bibliographic review was carried out using the resources available in Infomed, specifically in the EBSCO and SCIELO databases and textbooks by Cuban and foreign authors. The analytical-synthetic method was applied and 18 scientific articles were reviewed. The elements that address the historical-cultural development of schizophrenia from the perspective of science, technology and society were exposed. This review was carried out with the aim of contributing to the knowledge about the historical cultural development of schizophrenia, taking into account the theories that man has developed through science to explain the appearance of the disease and the importance of social factors in the appearance, evolution and rehabilitation of this condition.

Conhecimento de leigos sobre os primeiros socorros no ambiente extra-hospitalar / Conocimiento laico sobre primeros auxilios en el entorno extrahospitalario / Lay knowledge about first aid in the extra-hospital environment

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento da população leiga sobre primeiros socorros no ambiente extra-hospitalar. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório e quantitativo, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética sob protocolo CAAE no47763121.4.0000.5587, realizado com uma população leiga na região Norte de Mato Grosso, avaliando 150 pessoas, utilizando um questionário validado. Resultados: dos participantes; cerca de 78% souberam identificar os sinais vitais, 58% hemorragia interna e 55% hemorragia externa e 55,3% chamam o socorro após essa verificação. Em relação a queimaduras 65,3% acertaram quanto aos cuidados. Em situações de envenenamento 47% sabem que o paciente deve ser levado para emergência, e 11% sabem avaliar os riscos. Quanto ao conhecimento de realizar uma massagem cardíaca, 54% desconhecem o local correto e compressões. Em relação a prestar os primeiros socorros 84,6% não estão preparados, e 72,6% descrevem inaptos, déficit de capacitação. Conclusão: A população leiga possui conhecimento ainda precário, sugerindo cursos de primeiros socorros.(AU)

Objective: To assess the lay population's knowledge about first aid in the out-of-hospital environment. Critical, exploratory study and published protocol CAAE no47763121.587, carried out with a law in the northern region of Mato Grosso, evaluating 150 people, using the valid one method. Results: from the participants; about 78% of internal protection after the help, 58% of hemorrhage and 55.3% call this verification help. In relation to respect, 65.3% were right about care. In poisoning situations, 47% know that the patient should be taken to an emergency room, and 11% know how to assess the risks. As for the knowledge of performing a cardiac massage, 54% are unaware of the correct location and compressions. Regarding the beginning of first aid, 4.6% are not prepared, and 72.6% describe unfit, capacity deficit. Conclusion: The lay population still has precarious knowledge, suggesting first aid courses.(AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento de la población general sobre primeros auxilios en el medio extrahospitalario. Estudio crítico, exploratorio y protocolo publicado CAAE no47763121.587, realizado con una ley en la región norte de Mato Grosso, evaluando 150 personas, utilizando el método válido. Resultados: de los participantes; alrededor del 78% de protección interna después de la ayuda, el 58% de hemorragia y el 55,3% llaman a esta verificación ayuda. En relación al respeto, el 65,3% acertó sobre el cuidado. En situaciones de intoxicación, el 47% sabe que el paciente debe ser llevado a urgencias y el 11% sabe evaluar los riesgos. En cuanto al conocimiento de realizar un masaje cardíaco, el 54% desconoce la ubicación correcta y las compresiones. En cuanto al inicio de los primeros auxilios, el 4,6% no está preparado y el 72,6% describe no apto, déficit de capacidad. Conclusión: La población laica aún tiene conocimientos precarios, sugiriendo cursos de primeros auxilios.(AU)

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre toxoplasmosis en dos comunas de Armenia, Quindío, con alta prevalencia de la infección / Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to toxoplasmosis in two districts of high prevalence in Armenia, Quindío / Conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas sobre toxoplasmose em duas comunas de Armenia, Quindío, com alta prevalência de infecção

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas acerca de la toxoplasmosis en dos comunas de Armenia, Quindío, con alta prevalencia de la infección. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo con población de dos comunas de Armenia, Quindío. Se aplicó un cuestionario autodiligenciado tipo conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas. Esta herramienta incluyó elementos sobre el parásito Toxoplasma gondii, sus vías de transmisión, aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y de tratamiento generales, así como prácticas para evitar la infección. El instrumento se aplicó antes y después de una intervención educativa. Se describieron las frecuencias en el número de respuestas correctas antes y después de la intervención para cada comuna. Resultados: Participaron 27 personas, con una media de edad de 57 años. El 59 % fueron mujeres. El 48% había completado la educación media y el 40,7 % la primaria. El conocimiento del agente causal antes de la intervención fue del 22 %, mientras que posterior a la intervención fue del 92,3 % en la comuna 1 y del 81,8 % en la comuna 6. Posterior a la intervención, cerca del 90 % de los encuestados reconoció la retina como la principal estructura afectada y todos los encuestados reconocieron el consumo de agua hervida como factor protector. Conclusión: Los conocimientos sobre la toxoplasmosis en las dos comunas eran limitados. Luego de la intervención educativa, se evidenció un aumento en el porcentaje de respuestas correctas en la mayoría de las preguntas. Se recomienda realizar nuevas intervenciones educativas y en salud pública, para evaluar los efectos de estas a largo plazo.

Abstract Objective: To describe knowledge, attitudes and practices related to toxoplasmosis in two districts of high prevalence in Armenia, Quindío. Methodology: descriptive study; the population of two districts of Armenia, Quindío were engaged. A self-administered questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitudes, and practices was applied. This tool included elements related to Toxoplasma gondii, its transmission pathways, general clinical, diagnostic and treatment aspects, as well as practices to prevent infection. The instrument was applied before and after an educational intervention. Frequencies were described as the number of correct answers before and after the intervention for each district. Results: 27 people participated, with an average age of 57 years. 59 % were women; 48 % had completed high school and 40.7 % had completed elementary school. Before the intervention, the knowledge of the causal agent was 22 %, while after the intervention, it was 92.3 % in district 1 and 81.8 % in district 6. After the intervention, about 90 % of participants recognized the retina as the main compromised structure and all participants recognized the consumption of boiled water as a protective factor. Conclusion: The knowledge regarding toxoplasmosis in the two districts was limited. After the educational intervention, there was an increase in the percentage of correct answers in most of the questions. New educational and public health interventions are recommended to assess the long-term effects of these interventions.

Resumo Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo é descrever os problemas, as ações e as práticas sobre a toxoplasmose nas comunidades da Armênia, Quindío, onde se nota alta prevalência da infecção. Metodologia: Este é um estudo descritivo que abrange uma população de duas comunas na Armênia, Quindío. Foi implementada uma ferramenta, que consiste em questionários destinados àquela população e aplicáveis pelos seus próprios membros, que correspondem a conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas. Essa ferramenta inclui elementos sobre o parasito Toxoplasma gondii, suas vias de transmissão, aspectos clínicos gerais, diagnósticos e tratamento, e práticas de prevenção. O instrumento foi aplicado antes e após uma intervenção educativa exata. Foram descritas as frequências do número de acertos, antes e depois da intervenção para cada comuna. Resultados: participaram 27 pessoas, com média de idade de 57 anos, das quais 59 % eram mulheres e 48 % tinham ensino médio completo e 40,7 % ensino primário. O conhecimento do agente causal antes da intervenção havia em 22 %, enquanto que após a intervenção, passou para 92,3 % na comuna 1, e 81,8 % na comuna 6. Após a intervenção, cerca de 90 % dos entrevistados reconheceram a retina como a estrutura mais afetada e todos os entrevistados reconheceram que o consumo de água fervida é um fator de proteção. Conclusão: Desconhecimento sobre a toxoplasmose nas duas comunas. Após a intervenção educativa, houve evidência de aumento do percentual de acertos na maioria das questões. Recomenda-se a realização de novas intervenções educacionais e de saúde pública, para avaliar os efeitos destas a longo prazo na populacão.

Knowledge, attitude and practice towards antibiotic use: An interventional study among medical and dental undergraduates

Background: Adequate importance should be given to antimicrobial chemotherapy and the antibiotics resistance issues during undergraduate training. For successful and sustained intervention, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of antimicrobials should be done. So accordingly, this study was planned. Aim and Objective: The aim of the study was to compare KAP of antibiotic use among the 2nd year medical and dental students before and after intervention. Materials and Methods: Questionnaire-based study was done in medical and dental undergraduate students. After taking consent, responses were collected before and after intervention. Each correct response was given a score of 1 and responses were graded as satisfactory and unsatisfactory. Data collected was statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and results were expressed in percentage. Paired t-test was used to analyze pre and post-interventional data. Results: Significant rise in mean knowledge, attitude, practice, and overall scores after intervention in medical and dental students were observed. Satisfactory responses were significantly reduced from 73% to 63% in medical students. Casual attitude towards self-use and irregular use of antimicrobial agents (AMA) was observed which may lead to antibiotic resistance. Significant improvement in overall satisfactory responses was also observed after intervention. Conclusion: Medical and dental students showed improved knowledge about AMA use and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) after pharmacology teaching. However, predominant low scores of attitude and perception indicate the need for further educational interventions such as small group exercises, prescription audits, frequent discussion on rational pharmacotherapy, skillful communication with the patient about prescription. To reduce AMR, students should be trained about AMA use and its adherence by patients as well.

Knowledge, attitude and practice about hypertensive gestational syndrome among pregnant women: a randomized clinical trial / Conocimiento, actitud y práctica sobre el síndrome hipertensivo gestacional entre mujeres embarazadas: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Conhecimento, atitude e prática sobre síndrome hipertensiva gestacional entre gestantes: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice about Gestational Hypertensive Syndrome among pregnant women, after an educational intervention. Method: a controlled, randomized and longitudinal clinical trial, related to the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice survey on Gestational Hypertensive Syndrome complications, carried out with 120 pregnant women at a public maternity hospital in Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. Data collection was performed at three moments and the pregnant women were separated into two groups with 60 participants each. For quantitative comparisons, the Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney's test were applied. To study qualitative associations, the Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were employed. Results: adequate assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice was identified in the intervention group, on the seventh and thirtieth days after the intervention (p<0.05), with an increased chance of adequate knowledge on the seventh (Odds Ratio=6.63 - Confidence Interval: 3.5-12.55) and on the thirtieth (Odds Ratio=6.25 - Confidence Interval: 3.13-12.50) days. In this group, the attitude was adequate on the seventh (Odds Ratio=6.11 - Confidence Interval: 3.28-11.39) and on the thirtieth (Odds Ratio=6.44 - Confidence Interval: 3.49-11.89) days. The practice was also adequate on the seventh (Odds Ratio=3.73 - Confidence Interval: 2.21-6.28) and on the thirtieth (Odds Ratio=4.91 - Confidence Interval: 2.90-8.32) days. Conclusion: the pregnant women who participated in the educational intervention presented more adequacy in relation to knowledge, attitude and practice, when compared to those in the control group. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, REBEC) RBR-8wyp8j

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento, la actitud y la práctica sobre el Síndrome Hipertensivo Gestacional entre mujeres embarazadas, después de una intervención educativa. Método: ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado y longitudinal, relacionado con la encuesta de Conocimiento, Actitud y Práctica sobre complicaciones del Síndrome Hipertensivo Gestacional, realizado con 120 mujeres embarazadas en una maternidad pública de Fortaleza-CE, Brasil. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar en tres momentos y se separó a las mujeres embarazadas en dos grupos de 60 participantes cada uno. Para las comparaciones cuantitativas, se aplicó la prueba t de Student o la de Mann-Whitney. Para estudiar las asociaciones cualitativas, se empleó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado o la prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: se identificó una evaluación adecuada del conocimiento, la actitud y la práctica en el grupo intervención, a los siete y treinta días posteriores a las intervenciones (p<0,05), con un incremento en la probabilidad de conocimiento adecuado al día siete (Odds Ratio=6,63 - Intervalo de Confianza: 3,5-12,55) y al día treinta (Odds Ratio=6,25 - Intervalo de Confianza: 3,13 - 12,50). En este grupo, la actitud fue adecuada al día siete (Odds Ratio=6,11 - Intervalo de Confianza: 3,28 -11,39) y al día treinta (Odds Ratio=6,44 - Intervalo de Confianza: 3,49-11,89). La práctica también resultó adecuada al día siete (Odds Ratio=3,73 - Intervalo de Confianza: 2,21-6,28) y al día treinta (Odds Ratio=4,91 - Intervalo de Confianza: 2,90-8,32). Conclusión: las mujeres embarazadas que participaron en la intervención educativa presentaron más adecuación en relación con el conocimiento, la actitud y la práctica, en comparación las participantes del grupo control. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos (REBEC) RBR-8wyp8j

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar conhecimento, atitude e prática sobre Síndrome Hipertensiva Gestacional entre gestantes, após intervenção educativa. Método: ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado e longitudinal, relacionado ao inquérito Conhecimento, Atitude e Prática sobre complicações da Síndrome Hipertensiva Gestacional, realizado em maternidade pública de Fortaleza-CE, Brasil, com 120 gestantes. A coleta de dados foi realizada em três momentos e as gestantes separadas em dois grupos com 60 participantes cada. Para comparações quantitativas, aplicou-se o teste t de Student ou Mann-Whitney. Para estudar associações qualitativas, empregou-se o teste Qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Resultados: identificou-se avaliação adequada do conhecimento, da atitude e prática no grupo intervenção, no sétimo e trigésimo dia pós-intervenção (p<0,05), com aumento de chance para o conhecimento adequado no sétimo (Odds Ratio=6,63 - Intervalo de Confiança: 3,5-12,55) e no trigésimo dia (Odds Ratio=6,25 - Intervalo de Confiança: 3,13 - 12,50). Neste grupo, a atitude foi adequada no sétimo (Odds Ratio= 6,11 - Intervalo de Confiança: 3,28-11,39) e no trigésimo dia (Odds Ratio=6,44 - Intervalo de Confiança: 3,49-11,89). Prática também adequada no sétimo (Odds Ratio=3,73 - Intervalo de Confiança: 2,21-6,28) e trigésimo dia (Odds Ratio=4,91 - Intervalo de Confiança: 2,90-8,32). Conclusão: as gestantes que participaram da intervenção educativa apresentaram mais adequabilidade em relação ao conhecimento, à atitude e prática, quando comparadas às participantes do grupo controle. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (REBEC) RBR-8wyp8j

Conhecimento, atitude e prática de universitários intercambistas africanos acerca das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis / Conocimiento, actitud y práctica de estudiantes africanos de intercambio sobre las infecciones de transmisión sexual / Knowledge, attitude and practice of African university exchange students about Sexually Transmitted Infections

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar o conhecimento, a atitude e a prática de universitários intercambistas provenientes do continente africano acerca das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis. Método estudo transversal, realizado de dezembro de 2019 a março de 2020, em universidade pública internacional brasileira localizada no Ceará. A amostra foi constituída por 150 estudantes africanos de diferentes cursos de graduação. Utilizou-se do inquérito de Conhecimento, Atitude e Prática. Resultados os universitários apresentaram conhecimento satisfatório acerca da forma de transmissão das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, porém, com deficiências a respeito das hepatites virais. Identificou-se associação entre sexo e atitude acerca do uso de preservativo em relação sexual com parceria fixa (p=0,042). No que se refere às práticas, houve associação entre sexo e uso do preservativo na primeira relação sexual (p=0,001), ter mais que um parceiro (p=0,001) e mais que dez parceiros em toda a vida (0,007). No que se relaciona às práticas sexuais nos últimos 12 meses, observou-se associação estatística entre ter relações sexuais com mais de um parceiro sexual e sexo do participante (p=0,001). Conclusão e implicações para a prática enfatiza-se a importância de a universidade pesquisada realizar atividades de educação em saúde que abordem Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, bem como de extensão universitária, que envolvam alunos imigrantes africanos.

RESUMEN Objetivo evaluar el conocimiento, la actitud y la práctica de estudiantes de intercambio del continente africano sobre las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual. Método estudio transversal, realizado de diciembre de 2019 a marzo de 2020, en una universidad pública internacional brasileña ubicada en Ceará. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 150 estudiantes africanos de diferentes cursos de pregrado. Se utilizó la encuesta de Conocimiento, Actitud y Práctica. Resultados los universitarios mostraron conocimientos satisfactorios sobre la transmisión de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, sin embargo, con deficiencias sobre las hepatitis virales. Se identificó asociación entre el sexo y la actitud sobre el uso del preservativo en las relaciones sexuales con pareja estable (p=0,042). En cuanto a las prácticas, hubo asociación entre sexo y uso de preservativo en la primera relación sexual (p=0,001), tener más de una pareja (p=0,001) y tener más de diez parejas en la vida (0,007). En cuanto a las prácticas sexuales en los últimos 12 meses, hubo asociación estadística entre tener sexo con más de una pareja sexual y el género del participante (p=0,001). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se destaca la importancia de que la universidad investigada realice actividades de educación en salud que aborden las Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, así como actividades de extensión universitaria, involucrando estudiantes inmigrantes africanos.

ABSTRACT Objective to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of university exchange students from the African continent about Sexually Transmitted Infections. Method a cross-sectional study, conducted from December 2019 to March 2020, in a public international Brazilian university located in Ceará. The sample consisted of 150 African students from different undergraduate courses. It was used the survey of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice. Results the students showed satisfactory knowledge about the form of transmission of Sexually Transmitted Infections, however, with deficiencies regarding viral hepatitis. An association between sex and attitude about condom use in sexual intercourse with a fixed partner was identified (p=0.042). Regarding the practices, there was an association between sex and condom use in the first sexual relation (p=0.001), having more than one partner (p=0.001) and more than ten partners in the whole life (0.007). Regarding sexual practices in the last 12 months, there was a statistical association between having sex with more than one sexual partner and the participant's sex (p=0.001). Conclusion and implications for practice the importance of the university researched carrying out health education activities that address Sexually Transmitted Infections, as well as university extension activities that involve African immigrant students, is emphasized.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19 among medical residents of a tertiary hospital in the Philippines during the covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey

@#<p><strong>OBJECTIVES:</strong> In this study, the KAP were determined among all medical residents in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines during the pandemic.</p><p><strong>METHODOLOGY: </strong>Questionnaires were completed by the medical residents which contained 14 questions on clinical characteristics and prevention of COVID-19. Assessments on attitudes and practices included questions on confidence in winning against COVID-19 and wearing masks when going out.</p><p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Among the 63 participants, 90.4% were female, 92 % were single and 69.8% younger than 30 years old. The overall correct rate of the knowledge questionnaire was 85.5%. Most did not have confidence (63.5%) on winning the battle against COVID-19 and most had not visited any crowded place (58.7%) and wore masks when going out (95.2%). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant correlation of knowledge scores and practice rates on going to crowded places (OR 1.72, CI (1.02-2.91) P<0.05)</p><p><strong>CONCULUSIONS:</strong> The medical residents had good knowledge scores on clinical presentation, transmission and prevention control measures on COVID-19. Although attitude rates were poor, practice rates on COVID-19 were good. Furthermore, knowledge on COVID-19 resulted to good practices on not going to crowded places and wearing masks before leaving their houses.</p>

Factores de no adherencia al Programa de atención integral de salud para adolescentes, Santa Ana, El Salvador / Factors of non-adherence to the Comprehensive Health Care Program for Adolescents, Santa Ana, El Salvador

Introducción: La adolescencia se considera una etapa fundamental para el desarrollo del sujeto. Desde el 2015 en El Salvador se instauró un programa de atención integral para el adolescente. Objetivo: Caracterizar los principales factores asociados a la no adherencia al Programa de atención integral de salud para adolescente de 11 a 15 años, del municipio Santa Ana del El Salvador. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en el primer nivel de atención del municipio de Santa Ana, entre enero y marzo de 2018. Se aplicó un instrumento confeccionado por los autores. La muestra fue de 247 adolescentes que recibieron control e inscripción. Resultados: La mayoría de los adolescentes eran del sexo femenino, el 65,2 por ciento residían en el área rural, el 96 por ciento estudiaba, solo el 32,8 por ciento conocía el programa y de estos lo utilizaban el 48,1 por ciento (15,8 por ciento del total de entrevistados), la vía por la que lo conoció fue el promotor de salud (63 por ciento). Los principales factores relacionados con el no conocimiento del programa fueron; residir en el área urbana, nivel de estudios secundarios, ser estudiante, vivir cerca del centro de salud y no tener promotor de salud. Solo el trabajar resultó significativo (razón de prevalencia 1,71 IC 95 por ciento 1,17-2,51) para no ser adherente. Conclusiones: A pesar de los esfuerzos del Estado, los servicios de salud para adolescente deben ser reorientados de acuerdo con los principios y lineamientos de los documentos regulatorios y el marco legal del país, enfatizando en acciones de promoción de la demanda temprana y prestación de servicios de atención integral(AU)

Introduction: Adolescence is considered a fundamental stage for the development of the individual. Since 2015, a comprehensive health care program for adolescents has been established in El Salvador. Objective: Characterize the main factors associated with non-adherence to the Comprehensive Health Care Program for adolescents aging 11 to 15 years, from Santa Ana municipality, El Salvador. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study at the first level of care of Santa Ana municipality, from January to March 2018. An instrument made by the authors was applied. The sample was of 247 adolescents who were controlled and registered. Results: Most adolescents were females, 65.2 percent lived in rural areas, 96 percent were studying, only 32.8 percent knew about the programme and it was being used by 48.1 percent (15.8 percent of all interviewees), and the way they knew about it was by the health promoter (63 percent). The main factors related to not knowing on the program were: living in the urban area, junior high school level, being a student, living near the health center and not having health promoter. Only work was significant (prevalence rate 1.71 CI 95 percent 1.17-2.51) for not being adherent. Conclusions: Despite the efforts of the State, health services for adolescents should be redirected in accordance with the principles and guidelines of the country's regulatory documents and legal framework, emphasizing in actions to promote early demand and provide comprehensive care services(AU)

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la COVID-19 en adultos de la República Dominicana / Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding COVID-19 in adults from the Dominican Republic

Introducción: Con la aparición del nuevo miembro de la familia coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, la humanidad inició una batalla contra una enfermedad hasta el momento desconocida, la COVID-19. Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la COVID-19 al inicio del estado de emergencia en la población adulta dominicana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, entre el 3 y el 17 de abril de 2020. El instrumento de recolección fue un cuestionario en línea con 4 secciones; características sociodemográficas, conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la COVID-19. La muestra estuvo integrada por 1861 participantes. Resultados: El 45,7 por ciento de los integrantes conocía que en ausencia de fiebre un infectado puede transmitir el virus a otro, 27,7 por ciento consideró suficiente la información circulante en la población dominicana, 32,2 por ciento confiaba que el gobierno dominicano controlaría la pandemia, 91,7 por ciento usaba mascarillas en multitudes. Conclusiones: Los resultados revelan un alto nivel de conocimiento, actitudes optimistas y prácticas adecuadas sobre la COVID-19 durante el brote inicial de la enfermedad en el país. República Dominicana enfrenta un gran desafío para controlar la transmisión del virus, pero a diferencia de otros países, una proporción significativa de los participantes no confían en las capacidades de las instituciones gubernamentales para su control. Aunque se deben realizar otros estudios a nivel comunitario en niveles socioeconómicos más bajos(AU)

Introduction: With the appearance of a new member in the coronavirus family, SARS-CoV-2, humanity started a battle against a hitherto unknown disease, COVID-19. Objective: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning COVID-19 at the beginning of the emergency in the Dominican adult population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 3 and 17, 2020. The data collection instrument was an online questionnaire with four sections: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning COVID-19. The sample consisted of 1861 participants. Results: 45.7 percent of the members knew that, in the absence of fever, an infected person can transmit the virus to another person. 27.7 percent considered the information circulating in the Dominican population as sufficient. 32.2 percent trusted that the Dominican government would control the pandemic. 91.7 percent wore face masks in crowded places. Conclusions: The results reveal a high level of knowledge, optimistic attitudes and appropriate practices concerning COVID-19 during the initial outbreak of the disease in the country. The Dominican Republic faces a great challenge to control the transmission of the virus; but, unlike other countries, a significant proportion of the participants do not trust the capacities of government institutions to control it. However, other studies should be carried out at the community or at lower socioeconomic levels(AU)

Conhecimento e atitudes de profissionais de enfermagem sobre higiene bucal em pacientes críticos / Conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales de enfermería sobre la higiene bucal en pacientes críticos / Knowledge and attitudes of nursing professionals regarding oral hygiene in critically ill patients

Objetivo: comparar conhecimentos e atitudes dos profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em hospital público e privado sobre higiene bucal em pacientes críticos. Método: estudo transversal, realizado em duas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Adulto, uma pública e outra privada no período entre dezembro de 2018 e janeiro de 2019 por meio de um questionário estruturado e autoaplicável. Resultados: a taxa de conhecimento dos profissionais do hospital público foi de 76,6% e a atitude foi de 62,7%, enquanto no hospital privado essas taxas foram de 81,8% e 67,1%, respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa quanto à existência de protocolo (p< 0,006), participação em treinamento (p< 0,004), uso de escova de dentes com cerdas macias e sucção (p< 0,001) no hospital privado. Conclusão: o nível de conhecimento foi mais elevado e as atitudes sobre higiene bucal foram mais positivas entre os profissionais de enfermagem do hospital privado em comparação com os profissionais do hospital público.

Objective: to compare the knowledge and attitudes of nursing professionals working in public and private hospitals on oral hygiene in critically ill patients. Method: a cross-sectional study carried out in two adult Intensive Care Units, one public and the other one private, between the period of December 2018 and January 2019, using a structured and self-administered questionnaire. Results: the knowledge rate of professionals in the public hospital was 76.6% and the attitude was 62.7%, while in the private hospital, these rates were 81.8% and 67.1%, respectively. There were significant differences regarding the existence of a protocol (p <0.006), participation in training (p <0.004), and the use of a toothbrush with soft bristles and suction (p <0.001) in the private hospital. Conclusion: the knowledge level was higher, and the attitudes toward oral hygiene were more positive among nursing professionals at the private hospital compared to the professionals at the public hospital.

Objetivo: comparar los conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales de enfermería que laboran en un hospital público y privado sobre higiene bucal en pacientes críticos. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en dos Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos, una pública y otra privada, entre diciembre de 2018 y enero de 2019, mediante un cuestionario estructurado y autoadministrado. Resultados: la tasa de conocimiento de los profesionales del hospital público fue del 76,6% y la actitud del 62,7%, mientras que en el hospital privado estas tasas fueron del 81,8% y 67,1%, respectivamente. Hubo diferencia significativa con respecto a la existencia de protocolo (p <0,006), participación en entrenamiento (p <0,004), uso de cepillo de dientes con cerdas blandas y succión (p <0,001) en el hospital privado. Conclusión: el nivel de conocimiento fue mayor y las actitudes sobre higiene bucal más positivas entre los profesionales de enfermería del hospital privado en comparación con los profesionales del hospital público.

Conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de agricultores familiares brasileiros sobre a exposição aos agrotóxicos / Knowledge, attitudes and practices of the Brazilian family farmers on exposure to pesticides

Resumo O artigo discute conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas (CAP) de agricultores familiares brasileiros a respeito dos impactos na saúde e no ambiente gerados pelo uso de agrotóxicos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal misto, realizado em 2014 em São José de Ubá, RJ. A pesquisa é composta por uma etapa qualitativa, baseada em observações em campo e entrevistas com 25 participantes sobre CAP, no que se refere ao uso de agrotóxicos. A etapa quantitativa abrange avaliação sociodemográfica e de exposição aos agrotóxicos de 78 agricultores. Apesar de reconhecerem parcialmente os perigos dos agrotóxicos, os agricultores enfrentam os riscos da exposição e comumente adotam práticas laborais inadequadas. Fatores como a carência de apoio técnico e treinamento laboral, baixa escolaridade, dificuldade de compreensão das orientações de bulas e rótulos dos agrotóxicos, valor elevado e desconforto causado pelo equipamento de proteção individual (EPI), além da crença da dependência do uso de agrotóxicos, explicam parcialmente as atitudes não seguras. É preciso promover práticas agrícolas mais sustentáveis, fortalecer o apoio técnico e treinamento laboral, melhorar a comunicação e o gerenciamento dos riscos e reduzir as desigualdades de gênero entre os agricultores brasileiros, como a forma mais eficaz e imediata de prevenir os agravos relacionados ao trabalho com agrotóxicos.

Abstract This paper discusses the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of the Brazilian family farmers regarding the impact of pesticides on health and the environment. This mixed cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 in São José de Ubá, Rio de Janeiro. It encompasses two stages: a qualitative one, based on field observations and interviews with 25 participants on KAP about the use of pesticides; and a quantitative one, assessing sociodemographic data and exposure to pesticides among 78 farmers. Despite partially recognizing the danger of pesticides, farmers face the risks of exposure and usually adopt inappropriate work practices. Lack of technical support and occupational training, low schooling, difficulty in understanding the instructions on pesticides labels and package inserts, high price and discomfort caused by the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and the belief in the need for using pesticides, partially explain the unsafe attitudes. Effective and immediate prevention of pesticides-related injuries and diseases requires promoting more sustainable agricultural practices, strengthening technical support and occupational training, improving communication and pesticides risk management, and reducing gender inequalities among the Brazilian farmers.

Validation of the knowledge, attitude and practice survey on nursing assistance during delivery and childbirth / Validación de la encuesta de conocimiento, actitud y práctica sobre la asistencia de enfermería en el parto y el nacimiento / Validação do inquérito conhecimento, atitude e prática sobre a assistência de enfermagem ao parto e nascimento

ABSTRACT Objective: to validate the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice survey on Nursing assistance during delivery and childbirth based on the concepts of Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory and the recommendations of the National Guidelines for Assistance to Normal Delivery. Method: this is a methodological study in which the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice survey was elaborated, and validated regarding content and appearance. Data collection was carried out between the months of July and December 2017. The validations were performed by 22 nurses who work in delivery and childbirth care and the data were analyzed using the Content Validity Index and the Binomial test. Results: content and face validation evidenced that the agreement among the experts was satisfactory (Content Validity Index greater than 0.80 for all items evaluated). Conclusion: it is concluded that the survey can be used to assess the nurses' Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in relation to the Nursing assistance provided during delivery and childbirth.

RESUMEN Objetivo: validar la encuesta de Conocimiento, Actitud y Práctica sobre la asistencia de Enfermería en el parto y el nacimiento sobre la base de los conceptos de la Teoría Ambientalista de Florence Nightingale y de las recomendaciones de la Directriz Nacional de Asistencia en Partos Normales. Método: estudio metodológico, en el que se elaboró una encuesta de Conocimiento, Actitud y Práctica, validado en relación a su contenido y aspecto. La recolección de datos se realizó entre los meses de julio y diciembre de 2017. Las validaciones estuvieron a cargo de 22 enfermeros que se desempeñan en la asistencia al parto y el nacimiento, y los dados se analizaron por medio del Índice de Validez de Contenido y la Prueba Binomial. Resultados: la validación de contenido y de apariencia dejó en evidencia que la concordancia entre los especialistas fue satisfactoria (Índice de Validez de Contenido superior a 0,80 para todos los ítems evaluados). Conclusión: se concluye que la encuesta puede ser utilizada para evaluar el Conocimiento, la Actitud y la Práctica de los enfermeros en relación con la asistencia de Enfermería durante el parto y el nacimiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: validar o inquérito Conhecimento, Atitude e Prática sobre a assistência de enfermagem ao parto e nascimento com base nos conceitos da Teoria Ambientalista de Florence Nightingale e nas recomendações da Diretriz Nacional de Assistência ao Parto Normal. Método: trata-se de um estudo metodológico, no qual foi construído o inquérito Conhecimento, Atitude e Prática, validado quanto ao conteúdo e aparência. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre os meses de julho e dezembro de 2017. As validações foram realizadas por 22 enfermeiros que atuam na assistência ao parto e nascimento, e os dados foram analisados por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e teste Binomial. Resultados: a validação de conteúdo e de aparência evidenciou que a concordância entre os especialistas foi satisfatória (Índice de Validade de Conteúdo maior que 0,80 para todos os itens avaliados). Conclusão: conclui-se que o inquérito pode ser utilizado para avaliar o Conhecimento, a Atitude e a Prática dos enfermeiros em relação à assistência de enfermagem ao parto e nascimento.

An analytical cross-sectional study on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on biomedical waste management among nurses and medical technologists in the Philippines / The Health Sciences Journal

INTRODUCTION@#Unregulated biomedical waste management is an emerging public health problem in the Philippines. This study aimed to differentiate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nurses and medical technologists toward biomedical waste management.@*METHODS@#Using an analytic cross-sectional study design, an online survey of nurses and medical technologists from hospitals around the Philippines was conducted. A 27-item questionnaire covering knowledge, attitudes and practices was used. The percentages of correct answers and mean scores in each domain was compared between the nurses and medical technologists.@*RESULTS@#A total of 196 respondents consisting of 77 registered nurses and 119 medical technologists were included in the study. Medical technologists had significantly better knowledge scores than nurses on disposal procedures for expired blood units and by-products waste (55% vs. 19%, p = 0.026). Both had low correct responses on adequate disposal of human tissue remains, throwing blood waste into domestic waste, and throwing of expired medications in domestic waste. There was no significant difference in the attitude of nurses and medical technologists. Nurses had significantly better practice scores on disposal of liquid waste in bags (84.4% vs. 68.9, p = 0.018), but medical technologists fared better at disposal of human tissue together with other waste (13.0% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.006). @*CONCLUSION@#Both nurses and medical technologists had adequate knowledge of some aspects but were lacking in others. There was no significant difference in the attitude of nurses and medical technologists towards biomedical waste management. Half of the respondents practiced proper biomedical waste management.

Conocimientos y prácticas sobre infección respiratoria aguda en cuidadores de menores de 5 años de dos comunas de Bucaramanga, Colombia / Knowledge and practices on acute respiratory infection in caregivers of children under 5 years of age from two communes in Bucaramanga, Colombia / Conhecimentos e práticas sobre infecção respiratória aguda em cuidadores de crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade de duas comunidades de Bucaramanga, Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los conocimientos y las prácticas sobre infección respiratoria aguda por parte de cuidadores de menores de 5 años, de las comunas más pobladas y pobres de Bucaramanga, Colombia, y su asociación con variables sociodemográficas y del contexto. Metodología: Estudio de corte. Se realizó muestreo secuencial de cuidadores de menores de 5 años de edad, usuarios de centros de salud de primer nivel de atención de las comunas más pobres de la capital de Santander. Se realizó entrevista sobre conocimientos y prácticas de prevención y control de infección respiratoria aguda. Se calificaron como adecuados o no, usando lineamientos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se compararon con base en el grupo de mayor prevalencia de conocimientos y prácticas adecuados, y se exploraron asociaciones con las variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: Participaron 403 cuidadores, 92,6 % mujeres, 45,9 % mayores de 24 años. En total, 236 tenían conocimiento adecuado y 286 reportaron prácticas adecuadas de prevención. El análisis multivariado mostró que cuidadores con 25 años o más, y escolaridad de 5 o más años, tienen mayor prevalencia de conocimientos y prácticas adecuados. Conclusión: La edad y el nivel educativo de los cuidadores están asociados a prácticas adecuadas de prevención y control de la infección respiratoria aguda. Estos hallazgos orientan a focalizar la educación en cuidadores jóvenes con baja educación, recomendaciones contempladas en la ruta de promoción de la salud del Modelo de Atención Integral en Salud en Colombia.

Abstract Objective: Describe the knowledge and practices of acute respiratory infection by caregivers of children under 5 years of age from the most populous and poorest communities of Bucaramanga, Colombia, and their association with sociodemographic and context variables. Methodology: Cross-sectional study Sequential sampling of carers of children under 5 years of age, users of first-level health care centers in the poorest communities of the capital of Santander, was carried out. An interview was conducted on knowledge and practices of preventing and controlling acute respiratory infections. Answers were rated as adequate or inadequate, using the World Health Organization's guidelines. They were compared based on the group with the highest prevalence of adequate knowledge and practices, and associations with sociodemographic variables were explored. Results: 403 caregivers participated; 92.6% were women and 45.9% were older than 24. In total, 236 had adequate knowledge and 286 reported adequate prevention practices. The multivariate analysis showed that caregivers aged 25 years and over with a schooling of five or more years have a higher prevalence of adequate knowledge and practices. Conclusions: The age and educational level of caregivers is associated with knowledge of appropriate practices for preventing and controlling acute respiratory infections. These findings guide the focus of education on young carers with a lower level of education, recommendations considered in the promotion of the Comprehensive Health Care Model in Colombia's health route.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever o conhecimento e as práticas de infecção respiratória aguda dos cuidadores de crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade, das comunidades mais populosas e pobres de Bucaramanga, na Colômbia, e a sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas e do contexto. Metodologia: Estudo de corte. Foi realizada uma amostragem sequencial de cuidadores de crianças menores de 5 anos, usuários de centros de saúde de primeiro nível de atenção nas comunidades mais pobres da capital do Departamento de Santander. Realizou-se entrevista sobre conhecimentos e práticas de prevenção e controle da infecção respiratória aguda. Classificaram-se como adequados ou não, usando diretrizes da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Compararam-se com base no grupo com maior prevalência de conhecimentos e práticas adequadas, e foram exploradas associações com variáveis sociodemográficas. Resultados: 403 cuidadores participaram, 92,6 % mulheres, 45,9 % com mais de 24 anos. No total, 236 tinham conhecimento adequado e 286 mencionaram práticas de prevenção adequadas. A análise multivariada mostrou que cuidadores com 25 anos ou mais, e escolaridade de 5 anos ou mais, têm maior prevalência de conhecimentos e práticas adequadas. Conclusão: A idade e o nível educativo dos cuidadores estão associados às práticas adequadas para a prevenção e o controle da infecção respiratória aguda. Estes resultados orientam o foco da educação em cuidadores jovens com baixa escolaridade, recomendações consideradas na rota de promoção da saúde do Modelo de Atenção Integral à Saúde na Colômbia.

Fiabilidad y validación del instrumento de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en la enfermedad de Chagas / Reliability and validation of an instrument to measure knowledge, attitudes and practices in response to Chagas disease

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad de Chagas es de alta endemia en Colombia y es considerada un problema de salud pública por la morbilidad y mortalidad que ocasiona. Conocer la percepción de las comunidades frente a esta enfermedad es relevante en cuanto a las estrategias oportunas que se pueden establecer para su prevención. Objetivo: Evaluar la fiabilidad y validez de un instrumento que permita medir los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas frente a la enfermedad de Chagas en comunidades endémicas. Métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio de corte transversal para la validación del contenido de un instrumento, diseñado con base en la literatura, el cual se sometió a la valoración por un panel de expertos que determinaron la eficiencia, relevancia, claridad y coherencia de cada uno de los ítems. Se determinó el índice Kappa de Randolph para evaluar concordancia. Luego se aplicó a 135 personas de áreas endémicas y se estableció el alfa de Cronbach para determinar consistencia interna. Resultados: El instrumento estudiado demostró concordancia según el índice de Randolph con una Kappa entre 0,7-0,8 para los ítems evaluados, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0,855 lo cual denota una consistencia adecuada. El cuestionario finalmente se estructuró con un total de 27 ítems que abordan: factores epidemiológicos y conocimientos de la enfermedad junto con actitudes y prácticas frente a esta. Conclusiones: El instrumento tiene un nivel adecuado de consistencia interna y concordancia, que permitiría su aplicación en áreas endémicas con poblaciones en riesgo a adquirir la enfermedad de Chagas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chagas disease is highly endemic in Colombia and considered to be a public health problem due to its morbidity and mortality. Learning about community perception of this disease is relevant to devise timely strategies for its prevention. Objective: Evaluate the reliability and validity of an instrument to measure knowledge, attitudes and practices in response to Chagas disease in endemic communities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to validate the content of a tool based on the literature and assessed by an expert panel to determine the efficiency, relevance, clarity, and coherence of each of its items. Determination was made of Randolph's kappa index to evaluate agreement. Then it was applied to 135 people from endemic areas and Cronbach's alpha was established to determine internal consistency. Results: The tool studied showed agreement by Randolph's index with a kappa between 0.7 and 0.8 for the items evaluated and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.855, denoting appropriate consistency. The questionnaire was finally structured with a total 27 items addressing epidemiological factors and knowledge about the disease as well as attitudes and practices in response to it. Conclusions: The tool has an adequate level of internal consistency and agreement, which makes its application advisable in endemic areas with populations at risk of acquiring Chagas disease.

A Study of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Needle Stick Injuries among Health Care Workers in Government Health Facilities of District Bandipora, J&K

Introduction: Needle stick injuries are often neglecteddespite being an important occupational hazard, withpotential to transmit infectious diseases. There is a need forraising awareness about them among all cadres of health careworkers. The current study was done to assess the problem inGovernment Health facilities of a rural district of J&K.Material and methods: Descriptive cross sectional study wasdone using all the secondary and 40% of the primary healthfacilities of the district. Study was conducted among doctors,paramedics and waste handlers. Statistics involved wereproportions or percentages, assessed by chi square test.Results: about 85% health workers considered needle stickinjury as a matter of concern. 27% were recapping the needleafter use. 12% had suffered a needle stick injury in the last oneyear and only half of them were immunized for Hepatitis B.Conclusion: There is a need of sensitization of the variouscadres of healthcare staff which is necessary to decreasethe risk of occupational exposure of infectious diseaseswith significant focus on waste handlers. There is a needfor enhancing the coverage of Hepatitis B immunizationespecially among the waste handlers who form the mostvulnerable group.

Experiencia y percepción del riesgo asociados a conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue en Riohacha, Colombia / Experience and perception of risk associated with knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding dengue in Riohacha, Colombia

Resumen Para el control del dengue es esencial el reconocimiento de los determinantes de los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP), los cuales podrían estar condicionados por las experiencias y percepciones de la población a riesgo. El propósito de este artículo es estimar la asociación entre la percepción del riesgo y la experiencia de dengue con los CAP sobre dengue, en una población endémica de Colombia. Estudio analítico de corte transversal y muestreo probabilístico, polietápico por conglomerados. Como medidas de asociación se estimaron las razones de prevalencia ajustadas (RPa) usando modelos de regresión. Se entrevistaron 206 familias. El 7% saben que la enfermedad del dengue es causada por un virus y menos del 40% reconocen otros síntomas diferentes a la fiebre. El 31% practica la eliminación de criaderos y el 58% fumiga como estrategias de control. El 73% percibe el riesgo de dengue. Se estimó una asociación significativa de la percepción del riesgo de dengue con el conocimiento sobre el vector (RPa = 3,32 IC95% 1,06-10,36). Además, el antecedente de diagnóstico de dengue se asoció con la actitud frente a su control (RPa = 1,61 IC95% 1,09-2,37). La percepción del riesgo y la experiencia con dengue podrían ser determinantes de los CAP en relación a esta enfermedad.

Abstract Recognition of the determinants of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP), which could be conditioned by the experiences and perceptions of the population at risk, is essential for the control of dengue. The scope of this article is to estimate the relationship between the risk perception and dengue diagnosis experiences with KAPs on dengue in an endemic Colombian population. A cross-sectional study with multi-stage random sampling was conducted. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were estimated using regression models as measures of association. Of the 206 families interviewed, 7% know dengue is caused by a virus and less than 40% recognize other symptoms besides fever. As control strategies, 31% eliminate hatchery sites and 58% use fumigation, though 73% perceive the risk of dengue. The association was identified between the perception of the risk of dengue and knowledge about the vector (aPR = 3.32 CI95% 1.06-10.36), and the experience of diagnosis of dengue with the attitude towards dengue control (aPR = 1.61 CI95% 1.09-2.37). Risk perception and experience with dengue could become determinants of KAPs in relation to this disease.